Monitoring Urban Expansion and Its Impact on the Footprint in Al-Yusufiyah Based on Ndbi and Lst Indicators to Support Sustainable Urban Development

Abstract

Research includes study of urban expansion in the Yusufiyah area south of Baghdad and its environmental impacts to support sustainable urban development using remote measurement and geographical information system (GIS) techniques. The research was dependent on remote objectives from Landsat-8 Oli/Tues (operational country images/thermal infrared sensor) satellite in the period 2015-2025. The data was studied using ArcGIS 10.8 to generate environmental and urban indicators, which included the normalized difference building index (NDBI) Spectral Reflection Data and Land Surface Temperature (LST) Index.

The results showed that there has been a large increase in NDBI values ​​over the years mentioned above, coincident with increasing surface temperatures.

This shows a direct relationship between urban expansion and rising temperatures, reflecting the urban heat island phenomenon (UHIs) in the region. The findings of this research make sure that unplanned urban expansion makes worse environmental pressures, calling for the extension of this analytical approach to the study of the rest of Baghdad and Iraq, with the goal of providing a scientific database that supports sustainable urban planning and reduces negative environmental impacts.