Propagation of Brassica oleracea var. gongylodes in vitro culture and predication callus stimulated by Activated charcoal

Abstract

Brassica oleracea var. gongylodes is a nutritionally important plant widely propagated through in vitro culture techniques involving plant growth regulators. This study aims to stimulate plant development and improve micropropagation efficiency and producing active compounds using activated charcoal (AC). Activated charcoal is a porous, carbon-rich material with a high surface area that enables it to adsorb inhibitory compounds and toxic metabolites from the culture medium. It has demonstrated a significant role in promoting micropropagation, somatic embryogenesis, anther culture, synthetic seed production, protoplast culture, rooting, shoot elongation, and bulb formation.

The stimulatory effects of AC are attributed to its dual function irreversible adsorption of growth-inhibiting substances and the release of bioactive compounds that support morphogenesis. Moreover, AC alters the chemical composition and color of the culture medium, impacting the bioavailability of vitamins, metal ions, and phytohormones.

In this study, explants of B. oleracea were cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with three concentrations (1, 2, and 3 mg·L⁻¹) of 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (D-2,4), with and without activated charcoal. The combination of AC and the second concentration of D-2,4 produced the highest response, yielding an average of 8.00 shoots per explant, 7 leaves, 8 stems, and haigh branch length of 12 cm. AC also promoted better routing and firing growth than the media without AC.

 Conclusions confirm that Brassica oleracea contains active compounds such as Glutathione and L-Cysteine, Quantitative analysis demonstrated an increase in glutathione content following exposure to activated charcoal, reaching 5.528 μg/ml, whail L-cysteine levels displayed a marked decrease in treated samples, measuring 20.877 μg/ml. The treatment with activated charcoal significantly modulates the biosynthesis and accumulation of critical antioxidant compounds, namely glutathione and L-cysteine, in Brassica oleracea tissues